A five pointed star can be produced with a little a handful of coordinates. Having calculated the points of a star with radius 1 and centre (0,0) we can move it around by including appropriate translate.
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The flag of Greenland involves clipping a circle to produce a semi-circle.
You will find instructions on clipping in section 14 of the SVG specification.
Look for the clipPath element - this uses an id and a reference.